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253 Item(s)

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APC PROPS


Quick reference list all APC props

10.5x4.5 Add

10x10 ELECTRIC Add

10x10 SPORT RACING Add

10x3 SPORT Add

10X3.8 ELE SLOW PUSH out

10x3.8 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

10x4 SPORT Add

10x4.7 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

10x5 ELECTRIC Add

10x5 SPORT Add

10x6 PUSHER Add

10x6 SPORT Add

10x7 ELECTRIC Add

10x7 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

10x7 SPORT Add

10x8 SPORT Add

10x9 SPORT Add

11.5x4 C/L STUNT Add

11.5x6 SPORT Add

11x10 ELECTRIC Add

11x10 PATTERN Add

11x11 PATTERN Add

11x12 PATTERN Add

11x3 SPORT Add

11x3.8 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

11x4 SPORT Add

11x4.7 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

11X4.7 SLOW PUSHER out

11x5 SPORT out

11x5.5 ELECTRIC Add

11x6 PUSHER Add

11x6 SPORT Add

11x7 ELECTRIC Add

11x7 PUSHER Add

11x7 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

11x7 SPORT Add

11x8 ELECTRIC Add

11x8 FOLDING Add

11x8 SPORT Add

11x8.5 ELECTRIC Add

11x9 SPORT Add

12.25x3.75 C/L SPOR Add

12.5x10 PATTERN Add

12.5x11 PATTERN Add

12.5x11.5 PATTERN Add

12.5x12 PATTERN Add

12.5x6 SPORT Add

12x10 ELECTRIC Add

12x10 W PATTERN Add

12x11 N PATTERN Add

12x11 PATTERN Add

12x11 PATTERN Add

12x12 ELECTRIC Add

12x12 PATTERN Add

12x12.5 PATTERN Add

12x14 PATTERN Add

12x3.8 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

12x4 SPORT Add

12x4.7 SLOW FLY Add

12x6 ELECTRIC Add

12x6 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

12x6 SPORT Add

12x7 SPORT Add

12x8 ELECTRIC Add

12x8 SPORT Add

12x8.5 FOLDING Add

12x9 PATTERN Add

13.5x10 PATTERN Add

13.5x11.5 NARROW Add

13.5x12.5 PATTERN out

13.5x9 PATTERN Add

13x10 ELECTRIC Add

13x10 FOLDING Add

13x10 PATTERN Add

13x11 PATTERN Add

13x4 ELECTRIC Add

13x4 SPORT Add

13x4 WIDE Add

13x6 PUSHER PROP Add

13x6 SPORT Add

13x6.5 ELECTRIC Add

13x7 SPORT Add

13x8 ELECTRIC Add

13x8 SPORT Add

13x9 PATTERN Add

14.4x12 PATTERN Add

14.4x13 Add

14.5x12 4 BLADED Add

14.5x14 NARROW Add

14x10 ELECTRIC Add

14x10 FOLDING Add

14x10 PATTERN Add

14x11 PATTERN Add

14x12 ELECTRIC out

14x12 NARROW Add

14x12 PATTERN Add

14x13 PATTERN Add

14x14 PATTERN Add

14x4 WIDE 3D Add

14x4.7 SF PUSHER Add

14x4.7 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC out

14x5 PATTERN Add

14x6 PATTERN out

14x6 PUSHER PROP out

14x6 SPORTS Add

14x7 ELECTRIC out

14x7 ELECTRIC out

14x7 PATTERN Add

14x8 PATTERN out

14x8.5 ELECTRIC Add

15.5x11.5 WIDE Add

15.5x12 Add

15.5x12.5 WIDE Add

15x10 ELECTRIC Add

15x10 PATTERN Add

15x11 PATTERN Add

15x12 PATTERN Add

15x12 WIDE Add

15x13 PATTERN Add

15x14 PATTERN Add

15x4 ELECRIC Add

15x4 WIDE Add

15x6 ELECTRIC Add

15x6 SPORT out

15x8 ELECTRIC out

15x8 SPORT Add

16.5x12 PATTERN Add

16.5x12 WIDE Add

16.5x13 PATTERN Add

16.5x13 WIDE Add

16.5x5 WIDE Add

16x10 ELECTRIC Add

16x10 PATTERN Add

16x11 PATTERN Add

16x12 ELECTRIC Add

16x12 PATTERN Add

16x13 NARROW Add

16x14 NARROW out

16x14 PATTERN Add

16x16 PATTERN out

16x4 WIDE Add

16x6 SPORT out

16x8 ELECTRIC Add

16x8 PATTERN Add

17x10 ELECTRIC Add

17x10 NARROW Add

17x10 PATTERN Add

17x12 ELECTRIC Add

17x12 NARROW Add

17x12 PATTERN Add

17x12.5 N PATTERN Add

17x13 out

17x4 WIDE Add

17x6 out

17x8 Add

17x8 ELECTRIC Add

17x8 NARROW Add

18.1x10 PATTERN Add

18.1x11 PATTERN Add

18.5x12 PATTERN Add

18.5x9.5 PATTERN Add

18x10 ELECTRIC Add

18x10 SPORT Add

18x12 Add

18x12 THIN ELECTRIC Add

18x6 WIDE Add

18x8 ELECTRIC Add

18x8 SPORTS Add

18x8 WIDE Add

19x10 ELECTRIC out

19x11 SPORT Add

19x12 ELECTRIC Add

19x8 WIDE Add

20x10 ELECTRIC Add

20x10 SPORTS Add

20x10 WIDE Add

20x13 ELECTRIC Add

20x14 SPORTS out

20x8 Add

20x8 ELECTRIC Add

20x8 WIDE Add

22x10 ELECTRIC Add

22x10 WIDE out

22x12 ELECTRIC Add

22x12 WIDE ELECTRIC Add

22x8 SPORT out

4.1x4.1 ELECTRIC Add

4.1X4.1 ELECTRIC PUSH Add

4.2x2 SPORT Add

4.2x4 FREE FLIGHT Add

4.5x4.1 FREE FLIGHT Add

4.6x3 PYLON COMBAT Add

4.75x4.75 SPEED 400 Add

4.7x4.2 ELECTRIC Add

5.5x2 SPORT Add

5.5x2.5 SPORT Add

5.5x4.5 ELECTRIC Add

5.7x3 SPORT Add

5x3 FREE FLIGHT Add

5x5 ELECTRIC Add

5x5 FOLDING Add

5X5 SPEDD 400 out

6.3x4 COMBAT Add

6.5x3.7 COMBAT Add

6x2 SPORT Add

6x3 FOLDING Add

6x3 SPORT Add

6x4 ELECTRIC Add

6X4 ELECTRIC PUSHER out

6x4 SPORT Add

6x5.5 ELECTRIC Add

7.4X7.5 CARBON Q40 Add

7x3 SPORT Add

7x3.8 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC out

7x3.8 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

7x4 FOLDING Add

7x4 SLOW FLY Add

7x4 SPORT Add

7x5 ELECTRIC Add

7X5 ELECTRIC PUSHER Add

7x5 SPORT out

7x6 SPORT Add

8X3.8 ELEC SF PUSHER out

8x3.8 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

8x4 ELECTRIC Add

8x4 FOLDING Add

8x4 SPORT Add

8x5 SPORT Add

8x6 ELECTRIC Add

8x6 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

8x6 SPORT Add

8x7 SPORT Add

8x8 ELECTRIC Add

9x3.8 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

9x4 SPORT Add

9x4.5 ELECTRIC Add

9X4.5 ELEXTRIC PUSHER Add

9x4.7 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

9x5 SPORT Add

9x6 ELECTRIC Add

9x6 PUSHER Add

9x6 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC out

9x6 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

9x6 SPORT Add

9x7 SPORT Add

9x7.5 ELECTRIC Add

9x7.5 PYLON RACING out

9x7.5 SLOW FLYER ELECTRIC Add

9x8 SPORT Add





APC PROPELLERS OVERVIEW
APC model airplane propellers have enjoyed strong acceptance and growth since their introduction in 1989. They are especially popular in pattern and racing events. The performance and low noise advantages are largely spawned by the precision methods Landing Products uses to design and manufacture APC propellers. Landing Products preserves a close rapport with the competition community to benefit from technical interchange so important to improved designs. There is continuous evolution in aircraft design and engine performance. Consequently, propeller design must continuously evolve as well to keep pace with these improving technologies. Over 300 APC propeller sizes are currently available. The selection is continuously expanding. Current sizes range from 5.5 X 2 up to 26 X 14 in composite materials using long chopped nylon fibers, carbon fibers and hand-laid fibers. This web site maintains a current listing of available selections. Please check the NEW PRODUCTS page for a listing of recently introduced sizes. Landing Products has recently added expanded manufacturing capability to permit injection molding of even larger single piece propellers. Please note the selection of 3 and 4 blade propellers now in production. The same precision and performance available in the 2 blade line has been extended to 3 and 4 blade designs which offer substantial improvement in ground clearance. Look for expanded selections in the larger 2 blade propellers. Many of these will likely supplant some of the needs currently met with APC component systems which employ aluminum hubs in combination with individual composite blades.

PROPELLER SAFETY CONCERNS All propellers are inherently dangerous. Model airplane propellers are especially dangerous. Model airplane propellers used in high performance racing are extremely dangerous. Model airplane engines designed and modified to achieve maximum operating capabilities create unpredictable and potentially severe loads, leading to various forms of potential propeller failure. Ignoring reasonable safeguards may likely be catastrophic. This concern is the motivation for the following discussion. Warnings included with propellers are intended to protect consumers. They also protect manufactures against claims resulting from misuse of the product. Most products with potential for causing injury contain ample warnings about misuse. Some advertisements for products now contain warnings, even before the product is sold! There is a strong proliferation of warnings in most products having potential for creating injury or damage. This inundation of warnings may cause consumers to become inured to product warnings. The warnings about propeller use must be taken seriously, especially for racing applications. It is very risky to assume that a racing propeller blade will not fail, especially when used with state-ofthe- art racing engines. Yet, nevertheless, occasionally model aircraft operators are observed standing in the plane of propeller rotation of high performance racing engines running at full power. This is very frightening. The following information reinforces the assertion that dangers of misuse are very real. Ideally, a product can be designed with credible knowledge of the environment (loads acting on the product) and capabilities of the product to withstand that environment (not fail). There is nothing ideal about designing a model airplane propeller because some major components of propeller loads are very uncertain. The principle load components acting on a propeller are:
 Centrifugal (from circular motion causing radial load)  Thrust/drag (from lift and drag acting on blade sections)  Torsional acceleration ( from engine combustion and/or pre-ignition)  Vibration (from resonant frequencies or forced excitation)
Another potential source of loading is aero elastic tip flutter. This may be caused by self exciting aerodynamic loads at a resonant frequency. These loads are discussed next in order. Centrifugal loads are very predictable, given rotational speed and mass density distribution of a blade. Their contribution to total stress is relatively small. Thrust/drag loads are somewhat uncertain due to complexities of aerodynamic environments. The relative axial speed at the prop (at any radial station) is aircraft speed plus the amount the air in front of the blade is accelerated by the mechanics creating thrust. The latter may be approximated using first order classical theory. Much empirical lift/drag data (from wind tunnel tests) exists to quantify lift/drag loads, once relative velocity and angle of attack distributions are established. Torsional acceleration loads are generally not known. Analytical estimating technique used by Landing Products to quantify torsional acceleration loads suggests that they can become dominant when pre-ignition or detonation occurs. These analytical observations are supported by test experience with very high performance engines running at elevated temperatures. The latter causes a high torsional load (about the engine shaft) which creates high bending stresses, adding to those from centrifugal force and lift/drag effects. These torsional acceleration loads depend on unique conditions for specific engines. Engines "hopped up" for racing appear to be especially prone to create high torsional loads when lean mixtures lead to high cylinder temperatures and preignition/ detonation. Vibration causes additional loads from cyclic motions. These motions occur when resonant frequencies are excited or when cyclic load variations exist on the blade. The magnitude of these variations depends on how close the driving frequency is to the resonant frequency and the level of damping in the propeller material. Engine combustion frequency is an obvious excitation. Obstructions in front of or behind the blade can cause cyclic variations in thrust load. Once a blade starts to flutter, those motions alter the flow, causing variations in loading. High performance engines have caused propeller tips to break, presumably due to fatigue failure from vibration. Aero-elastic flutter is speculated to be a dominant mechanism causing rapid fatigue failure near a tip when insufficient or destabilizing tip stiffness exists. The interaction between variable loading and deflection induces a high frequency vibration with unpredictable magnitude. Efficient propeller design practice utilizes analytical/computational models to predict propeller performance and stresses. However, the uncertainty in impressed and inertial loading from complex phenomena requires testing to assure safe performance. Unfortunately, it is not possible to assure testing that convincingly replicates worst case conditions. The large combinations of engines, fuels, temperature, humidity, propeller selection, aircraft performance and pilot practices creates an endless variety of conditions. If the origins of severe loads were well understood, quantified, and measurable, structured testing might be feasible that focuses on worst case stack up of adverse conditions. However, since the origins of severe loads are really not well understood, it is essential to provide sufficient margins in material properties and design to assure safe performance. Propellers that are used in fairly routine and widespread applications (sport and pattern) lend themselves reasonably well to test procedures that provide reasonable confidence. In time, a sufficient data base develops that can be used to empirically quantify performance and "anchor" or "tune" assumptions used in analytical models. However, propellers that are used for increasingly extreme performance applications do not benefit from the large empirical data base sport and pattern propellers enjoy. Assumptions and design practices developed for current generations of engines may not be valid for emerging engines whose technologies continue to push engine performance to greater extremes. Consequently, propellers that are used in applications where performance is already relatively high (and expanding) must be used with great caution. An adverse cascading effect occurs when propellers are permitted to absorb moisture in high humidity environments. Composite strength, stiffness and fatigue endurance all reduce with increased moisture content. Reduction in stiffness typically causes resonant frequencies to move toward the driving frequency (increasing torsional loads) and, the reduction in strength reduces fatigue endurance. Composite propellers should be kept dry. In summary, please abide by the safety practices recommended by propeller manufactures. This is especially important for high performance propellers. Assume that propellers can fail at any time, especially during full power adjustments on the ground. Never stand in or expose others to the plane of the propeller arc.
APC PROPELLER MANUFACTURING PROCESS USED BY LANDING PRODUCTS Process Mold halves used in Landing Products injection molding machines are manufactured using computer controlled vertical milling machines which have automatic tool calibration and tool change features. Each mold half is cut with a series of cutting tools using progressively smaller tool radii and finer mesh spacing. Once started, the operations required to cut a mold half are completely automatic. A minor amount of hand polishing of the mold cavity is performed after the milling operations are complete. During an injection molding production run, fine adjustments may be made, if required, to mold position within the molding machine to control propeller balance. Molding machine parameters, once set, are stored electronically for subsequent use to assure consistency between batches. Larger propellers are retrieved from the injection molder with a robotics machine. The only postoperative manufacturing requirement is drilling of the prop shaft hole which uses a guide hole provided by a pin resident within the mold. Materials The molding compound used in APC propellers is manufactured using a pultrusion process. This method causes the fiberglass "fibers" to be oriented axially in 1/2" long pellets. This long fiber compound allows a higher fiber (60%) to resin (nylon binder) density than short or chopped fiber compounds. Viscous (skinning) effects during injection molding cause these long fibers to remain dominantly oriented in the propeller span-wise axis. This provides substantially higher strength and stiffness compared to more conventional processes which use short or chopped fibers. While both more costly and difficult to manufacture, the performance advantages of long fiber composites are substantial, as shown on the following table.
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